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Two-sided markets, also called two-sided networks, are economic platforms having two distinct user groups that provide each other with network benefits. The organization that creates value primarily by enabling direct interactions between two (or more) distinct types of affiliated customers is called a multi-sided platform (MSP).〔http://www.hbs.edu/research/pdf/12-024.pdf Andrei Hagiu and Julian Wright (2011). Multi-Sided Platforms, Harvard Working Paper 12-024.〕 Two-sided networks can be found in many industries, sharing the space with traditional product and service offerings. Example markets include credit cards (composed of cardholders and merchants); HMOs (patients and doctors); operating systems (end-users and developers); yellow pages (advertisers and consumers); video-game consoles (gamers and game developers); recruitment sites (job seekers and recruiters); search engines (advertisers and users); and communication networks, such as the Internet. Examples of well known companies employing two-sided markets include such organizations as American Express (credit cards), eBay (marketplace), Taobao (marketplace in China), Facebook (social medium), Mall of America (shopping mall), Match.com (dating platform), Monster.com (recruitment platform), Sony (game consoles), Google (search engine) and others. Benefits to each group exhibit demand economies of scale. Consumers, for example, prefer credit cards honored by more merchants, while merchants prefer cards carried by more consumers. Two-sided markets are particularly useful for analyzing the chicken-and-egg problem of standards battles, such as the competition between VHS and Beta. They are also useful in explaining many free pricing or "freemium" strategies where one user group gets free use of the platform in order to attract the other user group.〔http://ssrn.com/abstract=249585 Geoffrey Parker and Marshall Van Alstyne (2000) "Information Complements, Substitutes, and Strategic Product Design"〕〔http://rje.org Bernard Caillaud and Bruno Jullien (2003). "Chicken & Egg: Competing Matchmakers". ''Rand Journal of Economics'' 34(2) 309–328.〕〔http://idei.fr/doc/wp/2005/2sided_markets.pdf Jean-Charles Rochet and Jean Tirole (2005). (Markets: A Progress Report'' )〕〔http://ssrn.com/abstract=1177443 Geoffrey Parker and Marshall Van Alstyne (2005). ``Two-Sided Network Effects: A Theory of Information Product Design.” Management Science, Vol. 51, No. 10.〕〔http://hbr.harvardbusiness.org/2006/10/strategies-for-two-sided-markets/ar/1 Thomas Eisenmann, Geoffrey Parker, and Marshall Van Alstyne (2006). ("Strategies for Two-Sided Markets.” Harvard Business Review ).〕 ==Overview== Two-sided markets represent a refinement of the concept of network effects. There are both same-side and cross-side network effects. Each network effect can be either positive or negative. An example of a positive same-side network effect is end-user PDF sharing or player-to-player contact in PlayStation 3; a negative same-side network effect appears when there is competition between suppliers in an online auction market or competition for dates on Match.com. The concept of network effects were conceived independently by Geoffrey Parker and Van Alstyne ((''2000'' ),(''2000'' ), (''2005'' )) to explain behavior in software markets and by Rochet & Tirole〔 2001, (''2003'' )〕 to explain behavior in credit card markets. The first known peer-reviewed paper on interdependent demands was published in (''2000'' ). Multi-sided platforms exist because there is a need of intermediary in order to match both parts of the platform in a more efficient way. Indeed, this intermediary will minimize the overall cost, for instance, by avoiding duplication, or by minimizing transaction costs. This intermediary will make possible exchanges that would not occur without them and create value for both sides. Two-sided platforms, by playing an intermediary role, produce certain value for both users (parties) that are interconnected through it, and therefore those sides (parties) may both be evaluated as customers (unlike in the traditional seller-buyer dichotomy). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Two-sided market」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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